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White army. White Russians also served alongside the Soviet Red Army during the Soviet invasion of Xinjiang and the Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang in 1937. Unlike the Bolsheviks, the White armies did not share a single ideology, methodology or political goal. Copyright: The content on this page may not be republished without our express permission. [9], Overall, the White Army was nationalistic[10] and rejected ethnic particularism and separatism. Baron Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel, also Vrangel; German language: Freiherr Peter von Wrangel; (August 27, 1878 April 25, 1928) was an officer in the Imperial Russian Army and later commanding general of the anti-Bolshevik White Army in Southern Russia in the later stages of the Russian Civil War. Second, the Whites failed to offer Russians a viable alternative to the Bolshevik regime. URL: https://alphahistory.com/russianrevolution/white-armies/ In December 1917, Alekseev was joined by General Lavr Kornilov, Denikin and other Tsarist officers who had escaped from the jail, where they had been imprisoned following the abortive Kornilov affair just before the Revolution. “The nature of the civil war meant that White authority in those parts of Russia not controlled by the Bolsheviks remained tenuous, not to say ephemeral. On 14 November 1919 the Red Army captured Omsk. His forces failed to gain control of the railways, however, which allowed the Bolsheviks to quickly bring in reinforcements from the south. This community-in-exile of anti-communists often divided into liberal and the more conservative segments, with some still hoping for the restoration of the Romanov dynasty. Date accessed: September 06, 2021 The White armies failed largely because of their inability or unwillingness to communicate and coordinate, meaning their forces were divided. [24], The White Armies were often lawless and disordered. ", Ford, Chris. In Omsk the Russian Provisional Government quickly came under the influence and later the dominance of its new War Minister, Rear-Admiral Kolchak. [78], During the Red Terror, estimates of Cheka executions range from 12,733 to 1.7 million. By the fall of 1918 anti-Bolshevik White forces in the east included the People's Army , the Siberian Army (of the Siberian Provisional Government) and insurgent Cossack units of Orenburg, Ural, Siberia, Semirechye, Baikal, Amur and Ussuri Cossacks, nominally under the orders of Gen. V.G. The first attempt to regain power from the Bolsheviks was made by the Kerensky-Krasnov uprising in October 1917. The rest of the former Russian Empire was consolidated into the Soviet Union shortly afterwards.[11]. [72], After Moscow's Bolshevik government signed a military and political alliance with Nestor Makhno and the Ukrainian anarchists, the Black Army attacked and defeated several regiments of Wrangel's troops in southern Ukraine, forcing him to retreat before he could capture that year's grain harvest. Beloye dvizheniye, IPA: [ˈbʲɛləɪ dvʲɪˈʐenʲɪɪ]) also known as the Whites (Бѣлые/Белые, Beliye), was a loose confederation of anti-communist forces that fought the communist Bolsheviks, also known as the Reds, in the Russian Civil War (1917–1922/1923) and that to a lesser extent continued operating as militarized associations of insurrectionists both outside and within Russian borders in Siberia until roughly World War II (1939–1945). Defeated. Boldyrev, Commander-in-Chief, appointed by the . The first period lasted from the Revolution until the Armistice. When the Japanese withdrew, the Soviet army of the Far Eastern Republic retook the territory. The offensive ran out of steam, however, and was eventually pushed back. His mother came from a provincial town near Kursk and helped her husband when he opened a Russian restaurant in Brussels. ). The Whites and the Reds fought the Russian Civil War from November 1917 until 1921, and isolated battles continued in the Far East until 1923. General Wrangel An officer in the Imperial Russian Army, later became commanding general of the Anti-Bolshevik White Army in the South of Russia. [17] By its end, 83% of all Red Army divisional and corps commanders were ex-Tsarist soldiers.[16]. Despite that setback, Moscow was loath to aid Makhno and the Black Army and refused to provide arms to anarchist forces in Ukraine. Welcome back to What I Rent, our weekly series taking a look inside the rented properties people call home. Russian and Allied ships evacuated about 40,000 of Denikin's men from Novorossiysk to the Crimea, without horses or any heavy equipment, while about 20,000 men were left behind and either dispersed or captured by the Red Army. Lenin personally apologized to the Germans for the assassination. British documents on foreign affairs – reports and papers from the Foreign Office confidential print: From 1940 through 1945. Or, the Constraints and Conceits of Counterfactual History, Newsreels about Russian Civil War // Net-Film Newsreels and Documentary Films Archive, 1914–1918 online. Howard Fuller, "Great Britain and Russia’s Civil War: The Necessity for a Definite and Coherent Policy". [49] In August, frustrated at continued reports of Red Army troops breaking under fire, Trotsky authorised the formation of barrier troops – stationed behind unreliable Red Army units and given orders to shoot anyone withdrawing from the battle line without authorisation.[50]. Asia, Part 3. White resistance was sporadic for two years until the collapse of the White Army in Yakut in June 1923, but went on in Central Asia and Khabarovsk Krai until 1934. . Britain intervened in support of the White forces to defeat the Bolsheviks and prevent the spread of communism across Europe. The Red Army eventually halted the offensive, and Wrangel's troops had to retreat to Crimea in November 1920, pursued by both the Red and Black cavalry and infantry. It ended with the defeat of the final anti-communist enclave in the country, signalling the end of all military hostilities relating to the Russian Civil War. These White generals were often mocked or satirised in Soviet propaganda. The more communists units appeared, the greater their . [3]:7​ Several parts of the former Russian Empire—Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland—were established as sovereign states, with their own civil wars and wars of independence. Following the disastrous Novorossiysk evacuation, Denikin stepped down and the military council elected Wrangel as the new Commander-in-Chief of the White Army. Their captors in Yekaterinburg, in the Ural Mountains, purportedly told them that the anti-Bolshevik White Army was closing in, and that they needed to move to a safer location. British parliamentary influential leader Winston Churchill (1874–1965) personally warned General Anton Denikin (1872–1947), formerly of the Imperial Army and later a major White military leader, whose forces effected pogroms and persecutions against the Jews: [M]y task in winning support in Parliament for the Russian Nationalist cause will be infinitely harder if well-authenticated complaints continue to be received from Jews in the zone of the Volunteer Armies.[13]. Williams, Beryl, The Russian Revolution 1917–1921, Blackwell Publishing Ltd. (1987). Winston Churchill declared that Bolshevism must be "strangled in its cradle". However, units retreating across the border were disarmed and interned by orders of the Estonian government, which had entered into peace negotiations with the Soviet Government on 16 September and had been informed by the Soviet authorities of their 6 November decision that if the White Army was allowed to retreat into Estonia, it would be pursued across the border by the Reds. It was made up primarily of: During the Russian Revolution of 1917, he plotted a coup of the provisional government with Lenin and formed the Red Army, which defeated the anti-Bolshevik White Army in the ensuing civil war.. After General Denikin's attack upon Moscow failed in 1919, the Armed Forces of the South of Russia retreated. Boldyrev, Commander-in-Chief, appointed by the Ufa Directorate. In October 1919, he tried to capture Petrograd in a sudden assault with a force of around 20,000 men. The Russian Civil War is regarded as one of the most important occurrences in the 20th century. Most of the fighting in the first period was sporadic, involved only small groups and had a fluid and rapidly-shifting strategic situation. In the European part of Russia the war was fought across three main fronts: the eastern, the southern and the northwestern. Paul Robinson traces the fate of the tens of thousands of soldiers of the anti-Bolshevik White Armies who fled Russia after losing the Russian civil war. ", Smele, Jonathan D. "‘If Grandma had Whiskers...': Could the Anti-Bolsheviks have won the Russian Revolutions and Civil Wars? In September 1918 Komuch, the Siberian Provisional Government and other local anti-Soviet governments met in Ufa and agreed to form a new Provisional All-Russian Government in Omsk, headed by a Directory of five: two Socialist-Revolutionaries (Nikolai Avksentiev and Vladimir Zenzinov), two Kadets (V. A. Vinogradov and PV Vologodskii) and General Vasily Boldyrev. They became known as the Whites, an umbrella term that described any group or militia opposed to Lenin and his government. Under pressure from the Central Powers, Trotsky ordered the disarming and arrest of the legionaries, which created tensions with the Bolsheviks. [31] The Bolsheviks attempted to take control of the Committee in Tashkent on 12 September 1917 but it was unsuccessful, and many leaders were arrested. That allowed the Red Army to cross the Don River, threatening to split the Don and Volunteer Armies. General Wrangel had gathered the remnants of Denikin's armies, occupying much of the Crimea. [16] The White Armies did acknowledge a single provisional head of state in a Supreme Governor of Russia in a Provisional All-Russian Government, but this post was prominent only under the leadership in the war campaigns during 1918–1920 of Admiral Alexander Kolchak, formerly of the previous Russian Imperial Navy. [11] The White Army generally believed in a united multinational Russia and opposed separatists who wanted to create nation-states.[12]. The second period of the war lasted from January to November 1919. In September 1919 a White offensive was launched against the Tobol front, the last attempt to change the course of events. Found insideThe Lockhart Plot was a turning point in world history, except it failed to turn. 3,046 killed Other articles where White Army is discussed: Russian Civil War: Seeds of conflict: …Assembly and (2) the rightist whites, whose main asset was the Volunteer Army in the Kuban steppes. The regions of Kamchatka and Northern Sakhalin remained under Japanese occupation until their treaty with the Soviet Union in 1925, when their forces were finally withdrawn. This edition includes illustrations, a new preface and an extensively updated bibliography. [17] Admiral Alexander Kolchak succeeded in creating a temporary wartime government in Omsk, acknowledged by most other White leaders, only for it to fall with the loss of his armies. The houses are crumbling. Leading the anti-communist "White" forces against the new "Red" army to the end was Pyotr Wrangel. The members of the Directory were arrested and Kolchak proclaimed the "Supreme Ruler of Russia". This book is a richly detailed account of the Russian Revolution from the fall of the Tsar in March 1917 to the introduction of the New Economic Policy in March 1921. Pepelyayev's Yakut revolt, which concluded on 16 June 1923, represented the last military action in Russia by a White Army. Plans envisaged 40,000 fighters under the command of General Vladimir May-Mayevsky storming the city. However, he did not gain the necessary support for the endeavour. The Bolsheviks were able to exploit this to good effect. General Nikolai Yudenich, the oldest of the White military commanders, controlled the White army in north-western Russia. The railways barely crawl. Germany landed its Caucasus Expedition troops in Poti on 8 June. The first regional congress of the Russian Communist Party convened in the city of Tashkent in June 1918 in order to build support for a local Bolshevik Party.[53]. Drawing on previously unavailable American and Russian archival material, David Foglesong chronicles both sides of this secret war and reveals a new dimension to the first years of the U.S.-Soviet rivalry. Define anti-Bolshevik. Second edition with an updated bibliography. This volume is the sequel to RED ATTACK, WHITE RESISTANCE by Peter Kenez. "The republication of Professor Kenez's classic volumes is to be warmly welcomed. London: Ludgate Press Ltd., 1964. After his side lost the civil war in 1920, he left Russia and became one of the most prominent . [73], Stymied in his efforts to consolidate his hold, Wrangel then attacked north in an attempt to take advantage of recent Red Army defeats at the close of the Polish–Soviet War of 1919–1920. The two largest combatant groups were the Red Army, fighting for the Bolshevik form of socialism led by Vladimir Lenin, and the loosely allied forces known as the White Army, which included diverse interests favouring political monarchism, capitalism and social democracy, each with democratic and anti-democratic variants. [34] The White Russians supported that government body, which lasted several months because of Bolshevik troop isolation from Moscow. This site is created and maintained by Alpha History. One was Lieutenant Colonel Frederick Marshman Baile, who recorded a mission to Tashkent, from where the Bolsheviks forced him to flee. Reds started their counteroffensive against Kolchak's forces at the end of April. The White armies (also known as the ‘White Guards’ or ‘Whites’) were counter-revolutionary groups that participated in the Russian Civil War. Aside from their opposition to the Bolsheviks, the White armies had little in common and featured different composition, leadership and methods. [17] At the start of the civil war, former Tsarist officers formed three-quarters of the Red Army officer-corps. The Kuban Cossacks joined the White Army and conscription of both peasants and Cossacks began. [87] Kolchak's government shot 25,000 people in Ekaterinburg province alone. White leaders, it seemed offered no clear vision for the future. The White movement (Russian: Бѣлое движеніе/Белое движение, tr. Was the Muscovite Tsar a King or an Emperor? [63] The fall of Tsaritsyn is viewed "as one of the key battles of the Russian Civil War" and greatly helped the White Russian cause. [80][81][82][83] More modest estimates put the numbers executed by the Bolsheviks between December 1917 and February 1922 at around 28,000 per year, with roughly 10,000 executions during the Red Terror. Date published: August 15, 2019 Leaders like Kolchak promised the restoration of the Constituent Assembly but their own actions were far from democratic. With Lenin's role in the consolidation of power, it gave them a centralised aim. While the White armies were being routed in Central Russia and the east, they had succeeded in driving Nestor Makhno's anarchist Black Army (formally known as the Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine) out of part of southern Ukraine and the Crimea. Authoritarian support led by Pavel Bermondt-Avalov and Stanisław Bułak-Bałachowicz played a role as well. Another one to two million people, known as the White émigrés, fled Russia, many with General Wrangel, some through the Far East and others west into the newly-independent Baltic countries. In the October Revolution, the Bolshevik Party directed the Red Guard (armed groups of workers and Imperial army deserters) to seize control of Petrograd (Saint Petersburg) and immediately began the armed takeover of cities and villages throughout the former Russian Empire. Russian army officer and one of the military leaders of the anti-Bolshevik White movement during the Russian Civil War. This book investigates the question of Russian identity, looking at changes and continues over a huge territory, many centuries, and a variety of political, social, and economic structures. This book, however, is not simply the story of that collapse and the rebellion that accompanied it, but of the painful and costly reconstruction of Russian power under a Soviet regime. . The most notable operation on this front, Operation White Sword, saw an unsuccessful advance towards the Russian capital of Petrograd in the autumn of 1919. Wrangel proved a more patient and perceptive leader than Denikin. Revolt against the Bolsheviks continued, The Red Army peaked in October 1920 with 5,498,000: 2,587,000 in reserves, 391,000 in labor armies, 159,000 on the front and 1,780,000 drawing rations. With the victory of the Red Army, the Cossack lands were subjected to Decossackization and the man-made famine of 1932-33 (Holodomor). The defeated anti-Bolshevik Russians went into exile, congregating in Belgrade, Berlin, Paris, Harbin, Istanbul, and Shanghai. It would seem that without Lenin, the Bolsheviks would not have succeeded and would not have gained power. He himself gave up command after the loss of Omsk and designated Gen. Grigory Semyonov as the new leader of the White Army in Siberia. When civil war broke out (a standoff between the Red Army and the anti-Bolshevik White Army) in May 1918, Lenin dispatched Stalin to the city of Tsaritsyn (now Volgograd). in Ian C. D. Moffat. The nationality policy of the Volunteer Army and the Russian liberals who dominated its politics. The White Army launched several attacks from the East in March, the South in July, and West in October 1919. Some peasants responded to requisitions by refusing to till the land. His mother died when he was twelve, and he was . In this collection the authors have sought out documents which highlight the complexities of the struggle, exploring episodes which shed light on what was a multifaceted struggle which left wounds on Russian society which never healed. Under Soviet pressure, the Volunteer Army embarked on the epic Ice March from Yekaterinodar to Kuban on 22 February 1918, where they joined with the Kuban Cossacks to mount an abortive assault on Yekaterinodar. Foes An oceanographer, a polar explorer and a naval commander, all his life Alexander Kolchak was far removed from the world of politics, until - after the Bolshevik revolution of 1917 - he found . The countries remained independent and governed by non-Communist governments. The White Army. Some were filled with hardened veterans of World War I, others with more recent volunteers. The advances were later checked with the Eastern Front counteroffensive, the Southern Front counteroffensive, and defeat of the Northwestern Army. On 26 and 27 March 1920, the remnants of the Volunteer Army evacuated from Novorossiysk to the Crimea, where they merged with the army of Pyotr Wrangel. [10] Thirteen foreign nations intervened against the Red Army, notably the former Allied military forces from the just-concluded World War with the goal of re-establishing the Eastern Front. The Civil War was born of anti-Bolshevik activity following the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, the closure of the Constituent Assembly and the revolt of the Czech Legion. The Bolsheviks soon lost the support of other far-left allies such as the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries after their acceptance of the terms of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk presented by Germany.[12]. 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