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[12] The project cost more than $35million[32] ($550million in 2021 dollars[33]), and was completed ahead of schedule and $1.3 million under budget (equivalent to $25.7 million today). Tips for Out-of-State & Out-of-Country Visitors, Pay a Toll for a Vehicle with No License Plate, Annual Vehicle Crossings and Toll Revenues, Disadvantaged & Small Business Enterprise Program, Larkspur Ferry Service & Parking Expansion Study, Sausalito Ferry Terminal Improvements Project, Golden Gate Parks Conservancy online store, customerservice@goldengatebridgestore.org. Initially, they were separated from the traffic lanes by only a metal curb, but railings between the walkways and the traffic lanes were added in 2003, primarily as a measure to prevent bicyclists from falling into the roadway. Check out this resource for walking the Golden Gate Bridge for full details. The waters just west of San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge hide a graveyard of sunken ships. For vehicles with more than two axles, the toll rate was $7 per axle for those using license plate tolling or the one time payment system, and $6 per axle for FasTrak users. It is also a jewel along the San Francisco waterfront. With an eye toward self-promotion and posterity, Strauss downplayed the contributions of his collaborators who, despite receiving little recognition or compensation,[24] are largely responsible for the final form of the bridge. Note: Escorts are not provided weekdays between 6:30 a.m. and 9:30 a.m. and between 4:00 p.m. and 7:00p.m., or during extremely heavy traffic. The main span, 1,280 metres (4,200 feet) long, is suspended from two cables hung from towers 227 metres (746 feet) high; at midpoint the roadway is 81 metres (265 feet) above mean high water. A pedestrian poses at the old railing on opening day, 1937. An official song, "There's a Silver Moon on the Golden Gate," was chosen to commemorate the event. [91], In an effort to save $19.2million over the following 10 years, the Golden Gate District voted in January 2011 to eliminate all toll takers by 2012 and use only open road tolling. The Welcome Center has two parking lots very close to the south end of the bridge. The Golden Gate Bridge came to be recognized as a symbol of the power and progress of the United States, and it set a precedent for suspension-bridge design around the world. The San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge is made up of two bridge segments: a skyway structure/single anchored suspension bridge between . During the foggy season, this is usually the time of day when the fog starts to burn off so you can get great views from the walkways. An architect who produces architectural works not only masters the technicalities of making them but is also an artist. Whether you hike, walk, bike, shop, take a guided tour, or just sit back and take it all in, there is something for everyone. Experts concerned about whale safety in San Francisco Bay, "Golden Gate Bridge directors reject sponsorship proposals", "Golden Gate Bridge to eliminate toll takers", "Golden Gate Bridge Toll-takers Reach End of the Line as New Payment System Begins", "Tolls for crossing Golden Gate Bridge rise $1", "Golden Gate Bridge toll increase takes effect July 1", "Summary of Recommendations, February 27, 2014", "Golden Gate Bridge 5-Year Toll Increase Approved", "GG Bridge tolls could top $7, June 11 meeting will set new rates", "Congestion Pricing Approved for Golden Gate Bridge", "Bridge raises tolls, denies Doyle Dr. funds", "Golden Gate Bridge congestion toll plan dies", "Lethal Beauty. Irving Monroean architect hired by Strauss to design an architectural treatment for the bridgechose the 'international orange' paint color to blend with the setting while still being very visible to ships. Salt carried by fog or mist reached the rebar, causing corrosion and concrete spalling. This weekend, 75 years later, San Francisco plans to celebrate while . [116] The tones observed were frequencies of 354, 398, 439 and 481 Hz, corresponding to the musical notes F4, G4, A4, and B4; these notes form an F Lydian Tetrachord. Most people go to the Welcome Center on the south bridge. Be alert because you dont get a lot of warning for the exit. [3] Strauss's initial drawings[18] were for a massive cantilever on each side of the strait, connected by a central suspension segment, which Strauss promised could be built for $17million (equivalent to $423 million today). During off-peak periods and weekends, traffic is split with three lanes in each direction. For more information on LEGAL LIMITS, visit http://www.dot.ca.gov/trafficops/trucks/weight.html. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. [106] After a fall of four seconds, jumpers hit the water at around 75mph (120km/h; 30m/s). Visit the Parks Conservancy website or National Park Service-GGNRA websiteto begin your adventure. The Gold Rush started in 1848, which caused San Franciscos population to explode. Enjoy picturesque trails and vista points in one of the worlds largest national parks in an urban area. Nineteen men saved by the nets over the course of the project formed the Half Way to Hell Club. The weight of vehicles and loads crossing theBridge is restricted to legal limits due to ongoing seismic retrofit work. Pedestrians can walk on the eastern sidewalk of the bridge. The Golden Gate Bridge Welcome Center is open seven days a week from 9 am to 5 pm, except Thanksgiving and Christmas. Its main span is 4,200 feet (1,280m) and total height is 746 feet (227m). The western walkway is open only for bicyclists and only during the hours when they are not allowed on the eastern walkway. [125] Open daily from 9:00a.m. to 6:00 p.m., the Welcome Center is the first on-site center dedicated to telling the stories of the Golden Gate Bridge. Those bricks were installed on the ground creating a brick promenade. You can also get to the Visitor Center from Crissy Field by going up Lincoln Blvd or Highway 101 through the Marina neighborhood. On May 27, 1937, San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge was opened to the public for the first time for "Pedestrian Day," marking the start of the weeklong "Golden Gate Bridge Fiesta" held to celebrate its completion. Ask The Naturalist: Why Are There Humpback Whales In the San Francisco Bay Right Now? Its location is shown on the map. Even today, few suspension bridges are as long, and none more spectacular. Since it opened in 1937, this 1.7-mile suspension span between San Francisco and Marin counties has become one of the most beloved bridges in the world. Left and right arrows move across top level links and expand / close menus in sub levels. Despite opposition, the majestic Golden Gate Bridge opened on May 27, 1937 to much fanfare. Enjoy an exhilarating, but often chilly . [87][88][89], Tolls are only collected from southbound traffic at the toll plaza on the San Francisco side of the bridge. [27] Moisseiff produced the basic structural design, introducing his "deflection theory" by which a thin, flexible roadway would flex in the wind, greatly reducing stress by transmitting forces via suspension cables to the bridge towers. Before planning a trip, youve carefully thought of everything you need to know. May 27, 1982. [90], When the Golden Gate Bridge opened in 1937, the toll was 50cents per car (equivalent to $9.42 in 2021), collected in each direction. But like David Hasselhoff, the Golden Gate is big in Germany, and everywhere else they have tourists who want to check big ticket items off of their travel bucket lists. [58] In July 1961, one of the bridge's consulting engineers, Clifford Paine, disagreed with their conclusion. [85][86] Three species of cetaceans (whales) that had been absent in the area for many years have shown recent[when?] The following day at noon President Franklin Roosevelt, from across the continent at the White . The 1.2 mile (2 kilometer) long Golden Gate Bridge cost $35 million and was designed to sway as much as 9 meters (27 feet) in winds of up to 100 miles (160 kilometers) per hour. [44], The bridge-opening celebration in 1937 began on May27 and lasted for one week. Here are a few more details on each one. Here you learn about the architectural icon before setting out to experience the 1.7 mile journey for yourself. [12][13] Once for railroad passengers and customers only, Southern Pacific's automobile ferries became very profitable and important to the regional economy. The Welcome Center, dedicated to telling the bridge's story, is the place where visitors can see authentic relics like hard hats and rivets from the During peak traffic hours, carpool vehicles carrying three or more people, or motorcycles may pay a discounted toll of $6.40 if they have FasTrak and use the designated carpool lane. At night the bridge is floodlit and shines with a golden luminescence that reflects off the waters of the bay and creates a magical effect. You can go under the bridge with a sunset cruise (highly recommend- drinks + sea spray). Be sure to check out the plaza around the back of the building. It was initially designed by engineer Joseph Strauss in 1917. ", "Roadway Configuration / Reversible Lanes", "Additional Information Movable Median Barrier Project", "Golden Gate Bridge work finished early as barrier is installed", "U.S. The Golden Gate Bridge is 1.7 miles long so consider about 2.2 miles from the closest bike rentals to the other side. The bridges orange vermilion color, suggested by consulting architect Irving Morrow, has a dual function, both fitting in with the surrounding natural scenery and being clearly visible to ships in fog. Visiting the world famous Golden Gate Bridge is a unique experience for everyone. With towers extending 746 feet into the sky and over 100 feet beneath the bay, the bridge is also an engineering marvel. RELATED: Golden Gate Bridge inspectors describe . [57] In June 1961, consultants hired by BART completed a study that determined the bridge's suspension section was capable of supporting service on a new lower deck. Weeks of civil and cultural activities called "the Fiesta" followed. The Golden Gate Bridge is San Francisco's top rated tourist spot, and for good reason. The remainder of the year the bridge walk is open from 5 a.m. to 6:30 p.m. Fort Mason, Bldg. View. Learn about the history, science, and engineering of the Bridge's construction through interactive and stationery exhibits. Restrooms are nearby. Ferry operators tried lowering their prices to stay relevant, but it wasn't enough. CREATE YOUR OWN. $15.95 Mug - Take a Break. [11], Before the bridge was built, the only practical short route between San Francisco and what is now Marin County was by boat across a section of San Francisco Bay. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). In addition to FasTrak, the Golden Gate Transportation District implemented the use of license plate tolling (branded as "Pay-by-Plate"), and also a one-time payment system for drivers to pay before or after their trip on the bridge. He now works daily, and diligently, to manage continued symptoms that can include depression and hearing voices. 415 561-4323 Cost $8.40 FasTrak $8.80 Pay as you go (license plate account and one-time payment account) $9.40 Toll invoice $6.40 Carpool rate See all bridge tolls at-a-glance . Visit our Park Smart at the GGB page for tips toavoid auto theft. Nonetheless eleven men were killed in falls, ten on February 17, 1937, when a scaffold with twelve men on it, and secured by undersized bolts, fell into and broke through the safety net; two of the twelve survived the 200-foot (61m) fall into the water. [71] Installation of the resulting barrier was completed on January 11, 2015, following a closure of 45.5 hours to private vehicle traffic, the longest in the bridge's history. Ammann, Charles Derleth Jr., Leon S. Moisseiff. Official invitation to the opening of the bridge. Strauss worked with architect Irving Morrow to select the bridge's color, International Orange, chosen for the way the hue plays against the surrounding land, sea, and ever-present fog. [8], The Golden Gate Bridge is described in Frommer's travel guide as "possibly the most beautiful, certainly the most photographed, bridge in the world. [30] Ellis, obsessed with the project and unable to find work elsewhere during the Depression, continued working 70 hours per week on an unpaid basis, eventually turning in ten volumes of hand calculations.[30]. It looks like your browser does not have JavaScript enabled. More than 200,000 people paid twenty-five cents each to walk the bridge. [66][62] Since 1990, acrylic topcoats have been used instead for air-quality reasons. [56], In the 1960s, when the Bay Area Rapid Transit system (BART) was being planned, the engineering community had conflicting opinions about the feasibility of running train tracks north to Marin County over the bridge. At its opening in 1937, the bridge weighed 894,500 tons. Updates? Experts said that ferocious winds and blinding fogs would prevent construction and operation. 5. The Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District has jurisdiction over the segment of highway that crosses the bridge instead of the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans). Some of these views will give you dramatic images as the fog rolls in during the afternoon, but some will also be engulfed by the fog and lose sight of the Bridge. Visit the Golden Gate Bridge Welcome Center website >>, customerservice@goldengatebridgestore.org. The best way to get set up for your big day at the bridge is by stopping first at the Golden Gate Bridge Welcome Center, located in the visitor plaza at the span's southern end. Although part of the National Highway System, the bridge is not officially part of California's Highway System. (music crescendo) However, even this . [38] The Bridge Round House, an Art Deco design by Alfred Finnila completed in 1938, has been popular throughout the years as a starting point for various commercial tours of the bridge and an unofficial gift shop. Are driven across the Bridge using the curb lane of the roadway (right lane, in both directions). They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Precisely at 11 a.m. May 28, dozens of U.S. Navy planes would fly over the Golden Gate Bridge, followed by Navy ships of all sizes three aircraft carriers, 13 heavy cruisers, six light . The vehicle height limit in the pedestrian/vehicle underpass that passes under the Toll Plaza is 11 feet, 10 inches. An 8,100-square-foot compound with direct views of the Golden Gate Bridge is now up for sale for a whopping $60 million. And now, with drones becoming smaller, increasingly capable, and ever more affordable, even more people are using their unmanned aircraft to photograph the famous landmark. [77], Bus service across the bridge is provided by two public transportation agencies: San Francisco Muni and Golden Gate Transit. [59] In January 1962, due to more conflicting reports on feasibility, the bridge's board of directors appointed an engineering review board to analyze all the reports. On site are two parking lots, public bathrooms, souvenir sales and displays with relics and educational information about the history and construction of the bridge. So, when you visit the Golden Gate Bridge, you are actually visiting a National Park. Yes - all must go under the Golden Gates and it really is quite a treat. The San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge is the region's workhorse bridge, carrying more than a third of the traffic of all of the state-owned bridges combined. [62][63] The color was selected by consulting architect Irving Morrow[64] because it complements the natural surroundings and enhances the bridge's visibility in fog. Omissions? It also carries pedestrian and bicycle traffic, and is designated as part of U.S. The roadway was also widened by two feet, resulting in outside curb lane width of 11 feet, instead of 10 feet for the inside lanes. None of the following is permitted to enter upon the Bridge roadway and its approaches: Vehicles shall not make U-turns on the Bridge or Bridge approaches, except with permission of and under the direction of a member of the California Highway Patrol or an authorized employee of the Golden Gate Bridge. To protect the crucial Golden Gate and Bay Area harbors, an integrated coastal defense system was constructed. Most die from impact trauma. Bicycles. New sonar maps show for the first. Before the bridge was built, the only practical short route between San Francisco and what is now Marin County was by boat across a section of San Francisco Bay. The Welcome Center is open daily from 9am-5pm. A cafe, outdoor exhibits, and restroom facilities are located nearby. there will be loads of people on the bridge waving at you and taking your photo. Unfortunately, 25 years later, for the upcoming 75th of the Golden Gate Bridge, the need for a DDA compliant area, as the slope was too steep, implied remodeling the whole promenade. In the mid-1960s, a program was started to improve corrosion protection by stripping the original paint and repainting the bridge with zinc silicate primer and vinyl topcoats. Heres a table of contents if you want to skip around or just scroll down for all of the good stuff: Yes! [21] Another ally was the fledgling automobile industry, which supported the development of roads and bridges to increase demand for automobiles. Joseph Strauss wanted the San Francisco Golden Gate Bridge built to connect Marin County with the city. The center also offers a delightful souvenir selection, including bridge-themed postcards, framed posters, and jackets and hats for those who didn't know just how chilly a day over the bay can be. This bracing stiffened the bridge deck in torsion so that it would better resist the types of twisting that had destroyed the Tacoma Narrows Bridge in 1940. [39] The diner was renovated in 2012[38] and the gift shop was then removed as a new, official gift shop has been included in the adjacent plaza. [96] The Golden Gate Transportation District then increased the tolls by 25cents in July 2015, and then by another 25cents each of the next three years. Extra-weight, legal-limit vehicles are NOT permitted. It has a map and will tell you which lots are free. [122] The highway carried about 91,000 vehicles each weekday between downtown San Francisco and the North Bay and points north. [22] San Francisco and most of the counties along the North Coast of California joined the Golden Gate Bridge District, with the exception being Humboldt County, whose residents opposed the bridge's construction and the traffic it would generate. Aesthetics was the foremost reason why the first design of Joseph Strauss was rejected. During the part of the year with daylight savings time, the bridge walk is open to pedestrians between 5 a.m. and 9 p.m. Pomeroy & Company Incorporated - Raymond Concrete Pile Company, Electrical work - Alta Electric and Mechanical Company Incorporated, Presidio Approach Roads and Viaducts - Easton & Smith, Principal assistant engineer - Clifford E. Paine, Assistant engineer - Charles Clarahan Jr., Dwight N. Wetherell, Consulting engineer - O.H. The cost savings have been revised to $19 million over an eight-year period. Eleven men died during construction. Drivers must pay within 48 hours after crossing the bridge or they will be sent a toll violation invoice. [25], Irving Morrow, a relatively unknown residential architect, designed the overall shape of the bridge towers, the lighting scheme, and Art Deco elements, such as the tower decorations, streetlights, railing, and walkways. Strauss remained head of the project, overseeing day-to-day construction and making some groundbreaking contributions. The Grand Princess cruise ship has been held from docking until today as at least 21 people on board have tested positive for COVID-19. Subscribe to NBC New. 201 Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. . The Welcome Center has helpful staff that can share maps and answer questions. San Francisco Fleet Week hosts the . The area became a strategic military site during the civil war. The Golden Gate Bridge connects Marin County to the north with the City and County of San Francisco to the south. CA The span across the strait is 1.2 miles long. [118][119] Although the retrofit was initially planned to be completed in 2012, as of May2017[update] it was expected to take several more years. ", "Rapid Transit for the San Francisco Bay Area", Report on Proposed Installation of Rapid Transit Trains on Golden Gate Bridge, "The Golden Gate Bridge's Accidental Color", "Golden Gate Bridge: Construction Data: How Many Ironworkers and Painters Maintain the Golden Gate Bridge? [27] Although the Golden Gate Bridge design has proved sound, a later Moisseiff design, the original Tacoma Narrows Bridge, collapsed in a strong windstorm soon after it was completed, because of an unexpected aeroelastic flutter. Golden Gate Bridge's construction in the 1930s, watch a short orientation video, and check out the 12-foot "test tower" that was used in 1933 to evaluate the bridge's design. .Advertisements.CONTINUE READING BELOW. Construction on the $1billion replacement,[124] temporarily known as the Presidio Parkway, began in December 2009. However, to honor and respect their contributions, all the donors' names and the inscriptions they had chosen for their bricks have been preserved and written on panels. Both ends of the Bridge touch the Golden Gate National Recreation Area. The new barrier system, including the zipper trucks, cost approximately $30.3 million to purchase and install. [119][120][121], The former elevated approach to the Golden Gate Bridge through the San Francisco Presidio, known as Doyle Drive, dated to 1933 and was named after Frank P. Doyle. A statue of Strauss was moved in 1955 to a site near the bridge. Bicycle Route 95. Bicyclesare only allowed on the sidewalks. As of October 2022, the website is currently down. [18], As part of the fiftieth anniversary celebration in 1987, the Golden Gate Bridge district again closed the bridge to automobile traffic and allowed pedestrians to cross it on May24. The site navigation utilizes arrow, enter, escape, and space bar key commands. Starting in June 2020, reports were received of a loud hum, heard across San Francisco and Marin County, produced by the new railing slats when a strong west wind was blowing. The California Highway Patrol (CHP) has policing authority on the Bridge. Aug. 15, 2016. The site navigation utilizes arrow, enter, escape, and space bar key commands. The Golden Gate Bridge spans the three-mile-long (4.8 kilometers) Golden Gate Strait connecting the Marin Headlands to the city of San Francisco. This decision allowed the Bay Area to meet the federal requirement to receive $158million in federal transportation funds from USDOT Urban Partnership grant. Story Transcript. Bicycle Route 95 in 2021. In October 2007, the Board unanimously voted to discontinue the proposal and seek additional revenue through other means, most likely a toll increase. San Francisco was the largest American city still served primarily by ferry boats. Its also free to walk the nearby trails, the historic Fort Point site and the gun batteries. [45] The day before vehicle traffic was allowed, 200,000 people crossed either on foot or on roller skates. This copy was sent to the City of Seattle. Leave a message otherwise and we will get back to you. The review board's report, released in April 1962, concluded that running BART on the bridge was not advisable.[60]. [95] Subsequently, this was delayed and toll taker elimination occurred in March 2013. He has visited mental hospitals several times since his jump. [81], A visitor center and gift shop, originally called the "Bridge Pavilion" (since renamed the Golden Gate Bridge Welcome Center), is located on the San Francisco side of the bridge, adjacent to the southeast parking lot. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Golden-Gate-Bridge, Social Studies for Kids - The Golden Gate Bridge, City College of San Francisco - The Birth of Golden Gate Bridge, Golden Gate Bridge - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Golden Gate Bridge - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), fog enveloping the Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco. You can drive across the bridge. Come see the Fleet enter the Bay under the Golden Gate Bridge as the visiting ships steam towards their ports, and Liberty Call for our honored Sailors and Marines. All proceeds benefit the parks, so you can feel great about bringing home a memento. He eventually earned a degree in civil engineering from the University of Illinois prior to designing the Golden Gate Bridge and spent the last twelve years of his career as a professor at Purdue University. [82] On the Marin side of the bridge, only accessible from the northbound lanes, is the H. Dana Bower Rest Area and Vista Point,[83] named after the first landscape architect for the California Division of Highways. Tolls for two-axle vehicles will increase from $7.70 to $8.05 for FasTrak users; from $8.40 to $8.60 for "pay-as-you-go" drivers; and from $8.70 to $9.05 for drivers without Fastrak. 104. Many wanted to build a bridge to connect San Francisco to Marin County. We are nothing if not helpful here at California Crossings. They have hands on exhibits about the bridge engineering which are both educational and fun. Home of the Golden Gate Bridge and SF Giants, San Francisco is a stunning city to visit. This deck replacement was the bridge's greatest engineering project since it was built and cost over $68 million. Phone is answered daily from 10 am to 5 pm. [72] Although there had been discussion concerning the installation of a movable barrier since the 1980s, only in March 2005 did the Bridge Board of Directors commit to finding funding to complete the $2million study required prior to the installation of a movable median barrier. For San Francisco . The name became official with the passage of the Golden Gate Bridge and Highway District Act by the state legislature in 1923, creating a special district to design, build and finance the bridge. [39], During the bridge work, the Assistant Civil Engineer of California Alfred Finnila had overseen the entire iron work of the bridge as well as half of the bridge's road work. , [96], On April 7, 2014, the toll for users of FasTrak was increased from $5 to $6 (equivalent to $6.87 in 2021), while the toll for drivers using either the license plate tolling or the one time payment system was raised from $6 to $7 (equivalent to $8.01 in 2021). As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. Golden Gate, strait, in California, western coastal U.S., connecting San Francisco Bay with the Pacific Ocean and separating San Francisco from Marin County. In 1950 it was reduced to 40cents each way ($4.51 in 2021), then lowered to 25cents in 1955 ($2.53 in 2021). He penned a graceful steel arch spanning the fort and carrying the roadway to the bridge's southern anchorage. Crissy Field is a green, open space in the north of the city, which invites you to grab lunch, throw down a blanket, and enjoy a picnic with an incredible view of the bridge. Crossing the Golden Gate Bridge will cost as much as $9 for drivers starting Thursday. The weight of the roadway is hung from 250 pairs of vertical suspender ropes, which are attached to two main cables. Yes. Doyle, the president of the Exchange Bank in Santa Rosa and son of the bank's founder, was the man who, more than any other person, made it possible to build the Golden Gate Bridge. It carries both U.S. Route 101 and California State Route 1 (Pacific Coast Highway) across the strait and features a pedestrian walkway. The total length of the Golden Gate Bridge from abutment to abutment is 8,981 feet (2,737m).[55]. [12][46] On opening day, Mayor Angelo Rossi and other officials rode the ferry to Marin, then crossed the bridge in a motorcade past three ceremonial "barriers," the last a blockade of beauty queens who required Joseph Strauss to present the bridge to the Highway District before allowing him to pass. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Please turn on JavaScript and try again. There is a toll to drive across it, but in the southbound direction only. Oversize vehicles must advise the Security Office of the total width, height, and length of their vehicle/load and the product(s) they are transporting. In addition to 24 miles of hiking trails, you can also visit the Disney Family Museum, do a selfie at the Goldsworthy Lines near Lovers Lane or (my favorite) visit the Yoda statue at the Lucas Arts office (seriously, their lobby has the original Darth Vader costume!). It was opened in 1937 as the longest suspension bridge in the . Upon re-submission of his bridge construction plan, he added details, such as lighting, to outline the bridge's cables and towers. The California Highway Patrol (CHP) has policing authority on the Bridge. May 23, 2012 6:45 PM EDT.

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