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The SA, the Reich Cabinet, and the General Staff and High Command were not ruled to be criminal organizations. That was enough. Number 6 was Walther Funk, former minister of economics, and Number 7 was Rudolf Hess, once Hitlers private secretary and deputy fhrer. [76] Of the 24 men indicted, Martin Bormann was tried in absentia, as the Allies were unaware of his death; Krupp was too ill to stand trial; and Robert Ley committed suicide. In return, he often was rewarded with cigarettes, pipe tobacco, or other small items he coveted. [12] The United States insisted on a fair trial as a means of reforming Germany. Master Sgt. Guards occasionally retaliated against unpopular, troublesome prisoners by rapping on the cell doors with their night sticks to disturb the occupants sleep. My father Gordon Fitzgerald also spent several months as a guard there. Postal Service. [52][46] The Soviet personnel's lack of knowledge of English, lack of interpreters, and unfamiliarity with diplomacy and international institutions also limited their influence. Number 4 was assigned to Erich Raeder, the Navys former grand admiral before being replaced by Dnitz. [155] In the context of the brewing Cold War, the trial became a means of condemning not only Germany but also the Soviet Union. . [167] The judges were aware that both the Allies and the Axis had planned or committed acts of aggression, writing the verdict carefully to avoid discrediting either the Allied governments or the tribunal. In the prison cellblock, each single-occupant cell had two parallel heating pipes beneath a single, heavily scratched, plastic-covered window, the top half of which could be tilted open for limited ventilation. In rendering these decisions, the tribunal rejected the major defenses offered by the defendants. [171] Only eight defendants were convicted on that charge; all of whom were also found guilty of crimes against peace. These were the intellectuals; the ramrod-stiff military officers; the cunning politicians; the worlds most vicious, depraved, notorious mass murderers; an architect; a filthy-minded and sex-obsessed anti-Semitic newspaper publisher; a gentle writer of poetry; the bombastic bullies; an unrepentant, ghost-like figure; the subservient military lackeys; and even their self-appointed leader, a bloated, drug-addicted former war hero. My father, Jack J. [195][196], These trials emphasized the crimes committed during the Holocaust. [182] Nikichenko released a dissent approved by Moscow that rejected all the acquittals, called for a death sentence for Hess, and convicted all the organizations. [67] Also prosecuted were leaders of the German economy, such as Gustav Krupp (of the conglomerate Krupp AG), former Reichsbank president Hjalmar Schacht, and economic planners Albert Speer and Walther Funk, along with Speer's subordinate and head of the forced labor program, Fritz Sauckel. My father Paul Davis Smith served at a guard at Nuremberg though he never really talked much about it so I dont know in what capacity. It would be so greatly appreciated. The United States and United Kingdom refused to endorse this proposal, citing the failure of war crimes prosecutions after World War I. The defendants at Nuremberg. Many of the prisoners never accepted the fact that they were no longer on top of the world. My mother had pointed his photo out to me on several occasions but I was too young to remember. After Ley hanged himself, this strict suicide watch was instituted, Prestianni explained. Attitudes toward certain prisoners were determined by the prisoners themselves, their demeanor in captivity, and their personality traits and attitudes toward their American, British, or French guards. [87], Initially, it was planned to hold a second international tribunal for German industrialists, but this was never held because of differences between the Allies. At the wars end, he was assigned to the guard detail at Nuremburg. [95][96] As Jackson made clear, the purpose of the trial was not just to convict the defendants but also to assemble irrefutable evidence of Nazi crimes, establish individual responsibility and the crime of aggression in international law, offer a history lesson to the defeated Germans, delegitimize the traditional German elite,[97] and allow the Allies to distance themselves from appeasement. Considered by some as the most intelligent and talented prisoner, he was the quintessential gentleman. Waffen-SS Soldiers Guarded the Nuremberg Trials Mark Felton Productions 1.82M subscribers Subscribe 81K 4.3M views 2 years ago Unbelievable but true - an entire unit of former Waffen-SS. [232] On 11 December 1946, the United Nations General Assembly unanimously passed a resolution affirming "the principles of international law recognized by the Charter of the Nuremberg Tribunal and the judgment of the Tribunal". 56 high-ranking SS and other police officers, including 24 leaders of the Einsatzgruppen (mobile killing units) and key officials in Heinrich Himmler's . [55], The work of drafting the indictment was divided up by the national delegations. His remembrance of duty at Nuremberg remains vivid. Later 19 other nations accepted the provisions of this agreement. Known as the Jew Baiter, even in the United States, he was rabidly anti-Semitic. Those incarcerated at the Palace of Justice in Nuremberg were allowed very limited and sporadic visitation rights with lawyers and family members. Three days on and three days off with shifts of four hours on, four hours off each day was the standard work assignment for guards. Once the IMT established the criminality of aggressive war, war . Came back to the States in Jun 46. The indictment lodged against them contained four counts: (1) crimes against peace (i.e., the planning, initiating, and waging of wars of aggression in violation of international treaties and agreements), (2) crimes against humanity (i.e., exterminations, deportations, and genocide), (3) war crimes (i.e., violations of the laws of war), and (4) a common plan or conspiracy to commit the criminal acts listed in the first three counts. In one report i read, it mentioned that "K" Company of the 26th Inf., 1st Div. Afterwards, during the Berlin Blockade, they took part in securing Allied facilities involved in the Berlin Airlift and later also were guarding USA Army headquarters. I believe her rank was a corporal. How Gring obtained the lethal capsule has never been firmly established. [201], At the same time as the Nuremberg Charter was finalized, the Allies also signed the Potsdam Agreement, which provided for the mass expulsion of millions of Germans from central and eastern Europe, so that certain acts for which Nazis were convicted at Nuremberg were therefore made an official policy of the Allies. [86] Overall, the prosecution called 37 witnesses compared to the defense's 83, not including 19 defendants who testified on their own behalf. Wells, was military policeman and a Provost Sergeant in charge of a special confinement unit whose responsibilities included providing security for the war crimes trials in Nrnberg. I have been searching for evidence that my Dad was a guard, so that the stories I have been told since I was a child could be documented. [188] The Office of Chief Counsel for War Crimes identified 2,500 major war criminals, of whom 177 were tried. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. [207][208] In a 1946 poll, 78 percent of Germans assessed the trial as fair, but four years later that had fallen to 38 percent, with 30 percent considering it unfair. He was short but very powerfully built. Following the Second World War, many concentration camps such as Bergen-Belsen and Auschwitz were liberated. Beginning on November 20, 1945, all sessions of the tribunal were held in Nrnberg under the presidency of Lord Justice Geoffrey Lawrence (later Baron Trevethin and Oaksey), the British member. [88], The charter allowed the admissibility of any evidence deemed to have probative value, including depositions. On 17 September, the various delegations met to discuss the indictment. Sentenced to death, Reich Law Leader 193345 and Governor-General of the, Hitler's Minister of the Interior 193343 and. [203], In all, 249 journalists were accredited to cover the IMT[40] and 61,854 visitor tickets were issued. Former Nazi leaders were indicted and tried as war criminals for their conduct by the International Military Tribunal. He was the first of 10 hanged on October 16, 1946. Jodl, one of 10 prisoners hanged, was another who never admitted to any personal guilt. [39] Besides legal professionals, there were many social-science researchers, psychologists, translators and interpreters, and graphic designers, the latter to make the many charts used during the trial. Also represented were some leaders of the German economy, such as Gustav Krupp (of the conglomerate Krupp AG) and former Reichsbank president Hjalmar Schacht. [26], The final version of the charter only gave the court the ability to punish those crimes against humanity that had been committed "in connection with any crimes within the jurisdiction of the Tribunal". End of the trial: Guardian report on the executions, 16 October 1946 Hermann Gring last night died by his own hand. [157] Over the course of the trial, crimes against humanity and especially against Jews (who were mentioned as victims of Nazi atrocities far more than any other group) came to upstage the aggressive war charge. Prestianni, the guard contingent, and supervisors under the command of Colonel B.C. [67] Former Nazis were allowed to serve as counsel[45] and by mid-November all defendants had lawyers. My father became an MP after the war. Twelve sets of trials, involving over a hundred defendants and several different courts, took place in Nuremberg from 1945 to 1949. [101] He described the fact that the defeated Nazis received a trial as "one of the most significant tributes that Power has ever paid to Reason". Ten of them Hans Frank, Wilhelm Frick, Julius Streicher, Alfred Rosenberg, Ernst Kaltenbrunner, Joachim von Ribbentrop, Fritz Sauckel, Alfred Jodl, Wilhelm Keitel, and Arthur Seyss-Inquart were hanged on October 16, 1946. [119] Unlike the British and American prosecution strategy, which focused on using German documents to make their case, the French prosecutors took the perspective of the victims, submitting postwar police reports and calling eleven witnesses. God have mercy on my soul. Throughout the trial, he steadfastly maintained his innocence, saying they had arrested and charged the wrong person. He was made an MP after the war William A Shoemaker from North Carolina. During his three-month tour of duty at Nuremberg prison, Prestianni was assigned to 16 different prisoners. [145], Despite the fact that the charter did not recognize a tu quoque defense, such arguments were repeatedly raised during the trial. These parapets included watchtowers at the four corners equipped with telephones to contact or summon supervising sergeants or lieutenants, who were constantly on call to resolve problems that might develop. Sykes supervised guards, including the iconic. Twelve of the defendants were sentenced to death by hanging. Answer (1 of 3): Yes, he was a German lawyer named Otto Stahmer from Kiel. All eight judges participated in the deliberations, but the alternates could not cast a vote. Colonels from all four countries were running around trying to determine how it happened.. Ribbentrop, Prestianni related, was a man without humor. Guards, for the most part, were not allowed to talk to each other or to prisoners while on security duty. I need your: We needled him by saying his girls wanted to abandon the Fatherland, marry Americans, and emigrate to the United States.. [54] The Soviet judges and prosecutors were not permitted to make any major decisions without consulting a commission in Moscow led by Soviet politician Andrei Vyshinsky; the resulting delays hampered the Soviet effort to set the agenda. star wars fanfiction terran alliance; when a girl says i'll keep that in mind; hillsborough disaster who was to blame; how to get into stanford with a low gpa my father david c bergeron was a 1st LT with the guards at the war trials. Thank you so much for your time and I am looking forward to getting into many discussions. Dnitz, who was named successor to Hitler during the waning days of the war and served 10 years in prison, remained aloof. Other prisoners were outspoken in their condemnation of Hess as a traitor to the Fatherland when he flew to England in May 1941, ostensibly to arrange a peace between Hitlers Germany and Great Britain. Michael R. Prestianni of Framingham, Massachusetts, who later survived months of combat in Korea. [172] All 22 defendants were charged with crimes against peace, and 12 were convicted. He did mention seeing the prisoners in their cells. His face had an animal look to it, Prestianni stated. [212], The German churches, both Catholic and Protestant, were vociferous proponents of amnesty,[213] which had cross-party support in West Germany, which was established in 1949. 1 They were convened under the authority of Control Council Law No.. Another favorite was Alfred Jodl, former chief of the operations staff of the Army high command, who was found guilty and executed. Guards were, on occasion, somewhat lenient and allowed some prisoners, based on previous friendships and compatible personalities, to walk in pairs. [73] Also on trial were propagandists Julius Streicher and Hans Fritzsche; Rudolf Hess, Hitler's deputy who had flown to Britain in 1941; Hans Frank, governor-general of the General Governorate of Poland; Hitler Youth leader Baldur von Schirach; Arthur Seyss-Inquart, Reich Commissioner for the Netherlands; and Ernst Kaltenbrunner, the leader of Himmler's Reich Main Security Office. [183][184] The judges proved their independence from the governments that appointed them, the defendants were seen as receiving due process, and the evidence of guilt amassed by the prosecution was overwhelming.
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