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People and Society - South & Central Asia | World101 Moreover, migration of mostly young men has led to rising divorce rates in Central Asian countries, where its not uncommon for one parent to be abroad for most of the year. Following critical discourse analysis, the paper concludes that the social movements has been shaped by the social relations dominated by the elites of the south Asian societies who share some common features in terms of culture and ideology. -- Volume 26, Number 1, April 2011, Editorial Board The first is in Jammu and Kashmir (J&K), where insurgency arose in the late 1980s following a rigged state assembly election and has continued ever since at varying levels of intensity. In this context, the paper analyses the contestations of social movements in the South Asia from a view point of contentious politics in the region. Create a free account and access your personalized content collection with our latest publications and analyses. Using cross-country regressions and aggregate indicators of poverty, health, education and gender parity outcomes, we offer The Indian state is absorbing far less damage than in the 1990s or early 2000s, though it retains a costly internal security footprint in the region. Nature-Society relations provide the foundation for social, economic, political, and environmental problems. AoDCkso:DQ2 " By using this website, you agree to our cookie policy. The fact that much of the Islamist militancy Pakistan has faced in recent years in part arose from the security establishments own past policies has not reduced the militarys heralding of its successes against the TTP. Population Problems of South Asia A participant at the 2018 World Nomad Games at Kyrchyn Gorge, Kyrgyzstan. This website uses cookies to ensure you get the best experience on our website. More recently, Nepals lawmakers elected the countrys first woman presidentand the countrys second presidentBidhya Devi Bhandari, in 2015. 0000003635 00000 n endstream endobj 77 0 obj <>stream In the regions largest states, rather than reductions in violence opening space for revitalized democracy, there has been democratic decay or stagnation. Without the support from Moscow that had kept their economies afloat for decades, these countries soon lost as much as 50 percent of their GDPs. Donate to the Transnational Institute and 3 These data are drawn from MHA annual reports. -- Volume 34, Number 1, March 2019, Editorial Board South Moreover, shifts in civilian power and civil-military coalitions are likely to occur in the future, with unpredictable results. But all three have arrived in rapid succession over the past two years and are testing South Asias economies, said Martin Raiser, World Bank Vice President for South Asia. Non-state armed groups can bolster rather than undermine state power. -- Volume 28, Number 1, March 2013, Editorial Board 2 Both can be accessed at https://satp.org/. University of Windsor provides funding as a member of The Conversation CA. endstream endobj 79 0 obj <>stream Nowhere is this trend clearer than in language. Drawing on its nomadic culture, Kyrgyzstan launched the World Nomad Games in 2014. Such non-state violence is often not waged against the state or political system, but instead is used as a bloody tool of social control and political maneuvering. How has this transformation occurred? For instance, Nepals peace process is a model of civil war termination through a political settlement, while the Sri Lanka governments destruction of the LTTE left a trail of dead and displaced civilians. Immigrants from Mexico (7%) and Central America (11%) were the least likely to have a bachelors or higher. Kazakhstan's new Latin-based alphabet was disseminated in a newspaper in Almaty, Kazakhstan, on October 27, 2017. -- Volume 25, Number 2, October 2010, Editorial Board The reliability of data from this conflict environment is extremely limited: disappearances, dubious claims about the identity of the dead, extensive human rights abuses, and restricted media and NGO access have been characteristics of the last three decades. Asians have a lower homeownership rate than the U.S. public overall (59% vs. 64%). In some cases, it came through bargaining and political accommodation; in others, the raw application of extremely intense violence; in still others, a long and slow process of containment that has led to a relatively low level of violence even without a real resolution of conflict. How South Asia is one of the poorest regions in the world: about one-third of the worlds poor live in this region with about 70 per cent living in rural areas and primarily 0000005234 00000 n To this end, the report offers two recommendations. All rights reserved. A silent mental health crisis exists among South Asian communities. Source: World Nomad Games 2018 / R.Iliasov. World Economic Forum articles may be republished in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Public License, and in accordance with our Terms of Use. Its home to 1.3 billion people and has twenty-two official regional languages. Anti-India armed groups are alleged to still operate on Pakistani soil, the Afghan Taliban has consistently used sanctuary along the Afghan border, and localized armed actors have worked with the state in counterinsurgency zones. Indias coercive apparatus, meanwhile, is vast and growing, but ideological hubris and political exclusion risk backlash. All rights reserved. It emerges amid growing water crises in many regions, which have come to constitute a global crisis. These changes are neither universal nor irreversible: important conflicts persist and continue to exact a severe human cost. WebMost South Asian nations are cognizant of these problems, but have failed as yet to develop effective policies. Its home to Three states have populations of over one hundred million people. Poverty rates among U.S.-born and foreign-born Asians were 9% and 11%, respectively, that year. Pandemics, sudden swings in global liquidity and commodity prices, and extreme weather disasters were once tail-end risks. Bangladesh is especially dense, with over 160 million people living in an area the size of Iowa. Extreme climate-related events - heatwaves, storms, floods, fires and droughts - affect more than half of the region's population every year and continue to burden South Asian countries economies. %PDF-1.4 % Depending on where the state has perceived threats and where armed groups have been willing to work with it, there have been dramatically different landscapes of violence. Its massive fan base spans Africa, Central Asia, the Middle East, and even across the border in Pakistan. -- Volume 27, Number 1, April 2012, Editorial Board The number is even highertwo-thirds of all school-aged girlsin Afghanistan, where 83 percent of women are illiterate. For more details, review our .chakra .wef-12jlgmc{-webkit-transition:all 0.15s ease-out;transition:all 0.15s ease-out;cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:none;color:inherit;font-weight:700;}.chakra .wef-12jlgmc:hover,.chakra .wef-12jlgmc[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.chakra .wef-12jlgmc:focus,.chakra .wef-12jlgmc[data-focus]{box-shadow:0 0 0 3px rgba(168,203,251,0.5);}privacy policy. Tamil militancy had been a fact of life in Sri Lanka since the 1970s, with the LTTE coming to dominate the insurgency. The World Unpacked is a monthly foreign policy podcast that breaks down the hottest global issues of today with experts, journalists, and policymakers who can explain what is happening, why it matters, and where we go from here. 0000005744 00000 n The Northeast is also the site of Indias most successful peace deals in internal conflicts. When it comes to dating, cultural expectations of South Asian families can conflict with western norms. Figure 5 shows trends in V-Dems Liberal Democracy index since 2000 (higher numbers indicate greater liberal democracy). And similar to Europe, local identity is strong in Indiaturnout for state assembly elections is often higher than that for national elections. This could lead to more awareness of the diversity of mental health conditions and knowledge on how to seek help and resources within their communities. High Population Density Makes Region Vulnerable to Climate, Health Challenges, Projected Populations for India and China. Pakistan is reported at factor cost. Instead, mob violence has become a more persistent concern than rebellion. HTM0Wj|4,t5LG$};LV$!u~Izke@F(/_z2f:TD&P^GJ,&A)Q)mrv8VVQEb While the Pakistani military is currently riding high politically, its track record over time has included miscalculation and counterproductive policies (for instance, repressing unarmed political movements while tolerating Islamist armed groups that later grew out of control). The return of tourism is helping to drive growth in Maldives, and to a lesser extent in Nepalboth of which have dynamic services sectors. Political violence is instead much more likely to emerge from clashes between political parties or, above all, from the state itself as the security apparatus is used to buttress Sheikh Hasinas rule. %%EOF All of the active conflict zones remain potential areas of resurgence (for instance, the TTP has been trying to re-consolidate), but, compared to a decade ago, Pakistans security establishment has achieved a major shift in the balance of forces. -- Volume 33, Number 3, November 2018, Editorial Board Without cookies your experience may not be seamless. This means that many western-trained therapists may find it difficult to comprehend the deeply ingrained cultural nuances of South Asian communities. India is home to one billion Hindus, as well as most of the worlds Sikhs, Jains, Zoroastrians, and Bahais. 167.172.145.158 This success is usually chalked up to the central government striking a delicate balance of state autonomy and national unity. WebSouth Asia has some of the worst levels of human deprivation in the world. key challenges for the future of WebPeople and Society South Asia is densely populated and immensely diverse. As an admittedly crude proxy, however, overall conflict-related fatalities data leaves little doubt about broad trends. -- Volume 37, Number 1, March 2022, Editorial Board You can email the site owner to let them know you were blocked. For example, the TTP is alleged to be regrouping in Afghanistan, Pakistan claims that India is supporting Baloch rebels, the Taliban operates out of Pakistan, India focuses on Pakistans long history of support for terrorist and militant groups, and Indian media signals concern about Chinese backing for insurgents in the Northeast. Geopolitical stability and regional relationships Figure 4 draws on three datasets on political violence in Pakistan over time.4 While they examine somewhat different definitions of violence, and all of the crucial caveats about data quality outlined above for India hold for Pakistan as well, the basic trend of sharply decreasing fatalities in political violence over the last decade is consistent across them. The second factor in reducing insurgent violence has been Indias effective use of ceasefires, demobilization deals, and amnesties in the Northeast to peel off and demobilize insurgent factions. This urban boom presents challenges for governments in megacitieslike Dhaka, Bangladesh and Mumbai, Indiathat struggle to provide services like transportation and sanitation for their inhabitants. South Asian countries report the highest prevalence of common mental disorders (CMDs) globally. -- Volume 29, Number 3, November 2014, Editorial Board At the same time, violence in Karachi, insurgency in Balochistan, and sectarian militia activities added further layers of violence to Pakistans political landscape. The third is a sprawling belt in central and eastern India where various Maoist insurgent groups (known as Naxalites) have been operating for decades. [The population and economic problems of South Asia] - PubMed -- Volume 34, Number 2, July 2019, Editorial Board Globally, research on social movements reveals relatively more insights from European and Latin American studies than that of the Global South, particularly from the south Asian countries. The people of lower social standing suffer great job insecurity, experience gender inequality, and generally struggle against class discrimination. The political landscape of South Asia has changed dramatically in the last two decades. Terrorist attacks hit Bangladesh, including assassinations and coordinated bombings linked to the Harakat ul-Jihad-i-Islami Bangladesh and other factions. South Asia is an immensely diverse and densely populated region. The group has since splintered, with cadres retreating into Afghanistan, abandoning the fight, or lying low. -- Volume 26, Number 2, October 2011, Editorial Board This paper contributes to the debate on the Sustainable Development Goals progress by evaluating the MDGs achievements in South Asia and the policy and institutional challenges deriving from such experience. (Clockwise starting from top left) Keystone/Getty Images, Gamma-Rapho/Getty Images, AFP/GettyImages, Eric Piper/Getty Images, How the World Works and Sometimes Doesnt, Return to Most anti-state revolts across the subcontinent have been crushed, demobilized, or contained. South Asians in Canada have reported some of the highest mental health issues this year. While economic distress is weighing down all South Asian countries, some are coping better than others. Afghanistan granted women the right to vote in 1919, a year before the United States did, but the Talibans rise to power decades later significantly eroded this early progress: recent estimates indicate up to 80 percent of Afghan women face forced marriage. 0000007939 00000 n Paul Staniland is a nonresident scholar in the South Asia Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. In both scenarios, mental health and resiliency is compromised in the long term. Third, forms of violenceespecially mobs and vigilantismare on the rise that are dangerous in their own right and that can prove difficult to control even by colluding state and political party forces. There are various currents of social movements, today, across the region, which have become strengthened and highly vocal over last three decades. India, once the exceptional case of liberal democracy in the region, has seen its rating drop in recent years, echoing a decrease in Freedom Houses assessment. Challenges and opportunities for South Asia Among all immigrants, those from South Asia (71%) were the most likely to have a bachelors degree or more. To this day, money sent back home by these migrant workers accounts for as much as a third of some countries economies. Top 4 issues for South Asias millennials - World Infrastructure Lags in Regions Megacities, Government Policies in South Asia Lead to Gains in Life Expectancy, Bangladesh: Sanitation Service Access vs. -- Volume 30, Number 3, November 2015, Editorial Board We face big challenges to help the worlds poorest people and ensure that everyone sees benefits from economic growth. Religious discrimination, however, has often been a divisiveeven violentforce in the region. For many youth, entering into a relationship prior to marriage is discouraged. Growing poverty, high illiteracy, a crisis in governance and threats to human security are issues of growing concern in South Asia. And these challenges will likely become more severe as the regions population continues to balloon. Various countries of the South Asian region suffer from intense forms of exclusion in social terms and gaps at the infrastructural level. The implications of the return of the Rajapaksas in 2019 (Gotabaya as president and his brother Mahinda as prime minister) remain to be seen. Issues like water scarcity, poverty, food insecurity, resource depletion, climate change, environmental degradation, inadequacy of health services, and so forth directly affect millions of South Asians. This conflict, which experienced a resurgence in 2005, has not gone away and continues to be politically important. The growing size and resources of internal security forces, consolidation of powerful regimes, and changed international environment may have made rebellion increasingly unsustainable, even when political grievances remain. WebUsing a cross-disciplinary approach, the author discusses evolving physical and cultural landscapes. To counter this, South Asian families need to be more deeply educated on risk factors that can lead to mental health conditions. Research has repeatedly demonstrated that a fulfilling career leads to better life satisfaction, and as a result, lower psychological problems. This follows growth of 7.8 percent in 2021, when most countries were rebounding from the pandemic slump. Pakistans counterinsurgency successes have been accompanied by the militarys enduring political power and serious limits on rights. WebSouth Asia is one of the most vulnerable regions globally to a number of direct and indirect effects of climate change, including sea level rise, cyclonic activity, and changes in ambient temperature and precipitation patterns. The main reason is the general scarcity of two critical resources essential to the development and implementation of such policies: capital and technology. A silent mental health crisis exists among South Asian communities. Rather, it is exposing in a single word the reason why overcoming systemic violence based on gender is so difficult. SOJOURN is published thrice a year, in March, July and November. Happily, however, the Sino-Indian relations are on an To learn more about cookies, click here. This article focuses on the core states of the Indian subcontinent. First, violence suppression is not the same as conflict resolution. The journal includes articles, research notes and comments, notices on conferences, workshops and seminars, and book reviews, as well as occasional English translations of pivotal research published in Southeast Asian languages. In the face of these shocks, countries need to build stronger fiscal and monetary buffers, and reorient scarce resources towards strengthening resilience to protect their people.. The forces pursued a grim counterinsurgency policy: extrajudicial killings, disappearances, and a heavy security footprint coupled with surveillance and monitoring. Held every two years, the Olympics-style gathering boasts over forty sports, including horseback archery, golden eagle hunting, bone tossing, seventeen types of wrestling, high-speed yurt-building, dog racing, and kok boru, a game in which horse-mounted players throw a headless goat carcass into a large goal. Nevertheless, a heavy footprint and intensive counterinsurgency have been par for the course in Kashmir for decades. issues But mental health is deeply stigmatized in many South Asian communities and symptoms are often trivialized. Interestingly, while the Peoples Movements in the respective countries were structural and political in nature, subsequent movements have been fuelled with the voices of identity and rights of socially disadvantaged ethnic groups. Firstly, cutting the costs migrants face should be high on the policy agenda. Despite having a long historical background, critics suggest that the social movements are increasingly contested with identity politics and agrarian issues. Several factors have worked to reduce insurgent violence against the Indian state. Most of the environmental issues in Southeast Asia are inextricably linked, and working to ameliorate one will often have added benefits for the others. The movements have become contested power games around the issues of class, caste/ethnicity, gender, region and development. This follows growth of 7.8 percent in 2021, when most countries were rebounding from the -- Volume 36, Number 2, July 2021, Editorial Board In the nearly three decades since their independence, the former Soviet Republics of Central Asia have drifted from Russian influence. In functional terms, India could be compared to the European Union. Some of the reasons include intergenerational conflict or the stress of adapting into western society. Finally, the paper anticipates a call for the collective colloquium of south Asian social movements. Religion in South Asia: Diverse But Source of Tension. While it has not disappeared and still has the potential for a major resurgence, there has been a dramatic fall from its high point of influence. The LTTE was finally defeated, at a huge civilian cost, in 2009. xref -- Volume 27, Number 2, October 2012, Editorial Board So while state governments can set their official languages and control their finances, the central government is in charge of communications, defense, diplomacy, and monetary policy. -- Volume 33, Number 2, July 2018, Editorial Board -- Volume 25, Number 1, April 2010, Editorial Board The same is true of the internal security buildup, both in terms of funding and MHA force sizes, as well as the policies toward both the Northeast and Naxalite-influenced areas. Consequently, many young South Asians keep their relationships hidden due to internalized shame and a fear of being rejected by their families. wL/O0jG&rR>w y]YO_W! ;Kw6A?KFkdfA&A67iug!~W\?mnbydk1KS1YQzsL0]|m Schwab Foundation for Social Entrepreneurship, Centre for the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Following seven decades of Soviet rule, these newly independent countries are reasserting their distinct national identities through events such as the World Nomad Games, where traditional sports like horseback archery, golden eagle hunting, and high-speed yurt-building are on full display. Database searches were conducted in eight electronic databases. Despite this heterogeneity, several possible sources of recurring insurgency can be identified, even in an era of increased state power. Familiar landmarks created by the cold war have not First, important insurgencies still continue in the region, even if they are diminished in intensity, while ideologies, inequalities, and forms of resistance persist that can be mobilized against state power. ~DJ5$^iG(2A9Li!QsS}%4q)bL)|uH9oa^mMR'mrWPxxtIj%hR,KZeIv!ho;qJ`qkP2EjcS+q/&r2&1)+Eu _vw"@|-g:ne7*7 r;. Karachis politics and political economy involved substantial lethal violence, as well as intimidation and threats. Sirimavo Bandaranaike of Sri Lanka became the worlds first female prime minister in 1960; her daughter, Chandrika Kumaratunga, also became both prime minister and president. Suppressing violence is not necessarily the same as resolving conflict. South Asia In less than a decade, for example, India is projected to overtake China as the worlds most populous country.

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