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[31] Ultimately, the Numidians were defeated in 106BC, due in large part to Sulla's initiative in capturing the Numidian king. Sulla 5 (L. Cornelius Sulla Felix) - Roman dictator, 82-79 B.C. sulla primary sources Provides tips on how to read and use primary sources in historical research. [129], Sulla had his stepdaughter Aemilia (daughter of princeps senatus Marcus Aemilius Scaurus) married to Pompey, although she shortly died in childbirth. [45][46], While governing Cilicia, Sulla received orders from the Senate to restore Ariobarzanes to the throne of Cappadocia. Weekly Newspaper Articles as Primary Sources. [101], Sulla decamped his army from Attica toward central Greece. [146] An epitaph, which Sulla composed himself, was inscribed onto the tomb, reading, "No friend ever served me, and no enemy ever wronged me, whom I have not repaid in full. [111], The peace reached with Mithridates was condemned in ancient times as a betrayal of Roman interests for Sulla's private interest in fighting and winning the coming civil war. [69], Sulla started his consulship by passing two laws. How Do I Find - Primary Sources | UCR Library The Roman Republic and territories in 100 B.C. Sulla and Pompeius Rufus opposed the bill, which Sulpicius took as a betrayal; Sulpicius, without the support of the consuls, looked elsewhere for political allies. This, of course, made him very popular with the poorer citizens. In fact, many sources can be either primary or secondary depending on the context of the research and of the source itself. Sulla immediately proscribed 80 persons without communicating with any magistrate. With Mithridates' armies in Europe almost entirely destroyed, Archelaus and Sulla negotiated a set of relatively cordial peace terms which were then forwarded to Mithridates. [76] Without troops defending Rome itself, Sulla entered the city; once there, however, his men were pelted with stones from the rooftops by common people. [27], When Marius took over the war, he entrusted Sulla to organise cavalry forces in Italy needed to pursue the mobile Numidians into the desert. Gaius Marius, a lieutenant of Metellus, returned to Rome to stand for the consulship in 107BC. Lucius Cornelius Sulla I. Archelaus tried to break out but were unsuccessful; Sulla then annihilated the Pontic army and captured its camp. It is intended to serve the needs of teachers and students in college survey courses in modern European history and American history, as well as in modern Western Civilization and World Cultures. Types of Sources Explained | Examples & Tips - Scribbr Biographies of historical and famous people. [125], Carbo, who had suffered defeats by Metellus Pius and Pompey, attempted to redeploy so to relieve his co-consul Marius at Praeneste. [22] His first wife was called either Ilia or Julia. While Sulla's laws such as those concerning qualification for admittance to the Senate, reform of the legal system and regulations of governorships remained on Rome's statutes long into the principate, much of his legislation was repealed less than a decade after his death. Primary sources are original . The faculty and students of the Hanover College History Department initiated the Hanover Historical Texts Project in 1995, at a time when few primary sources were available outside of published anthologies. (5) Horace, Epode (c. 35 BC) When Scipio refused, Sulla let him go. Sulla then duly besieged the city. 106/10 The quaestor L.Sulla arrives at Marius' camp with reinforcements from After some days, both sides engaged in battle. Research Guides: Canadian History: Primary Sources Washington, DC, March 19, 2013 - The U.S. invasion of Iraq turned out to be a textbook case of flawed assumptions, wrong-headed intelligence, propaganda manipulation, and administrative ad hockery, according to the National Security Archive's briefing book of declassified documents posted today to mark the 10 th anniversary of the war. Primary sources are often in manuscript collections and archival records. Pompey ambushed eight legions sent to relieve Praeneste but an uprising from the Samnites and the Lucanians forced Sulla to deploy south as they moved also to relieve Praeneste or join with Carbo in the north. The Mithridatic War (88 - 85 BC) Primary Sources (1) Speech by Gaius Marius in the Senate, quoted by Sallust in his book The Jugurthine War (c. 40 BC) . Tweet. Proscribing or outlawing every one of those whom he perceived to have acted against the best interests of the Republic while he was in the east, Sulla ordered some 1,500 nobles (i.e. Finding Primary Sources Primary Sources from DocsTeach Thousands of online primary source documents from the National Archives to bring the past to life as classroom teaching tools. Modern sources have been somewhat less damning, as the Mithridatic campaigns later showed that no quick victory over Pontus was possible as long as Mithridates survived. Guide to primary sources; Ask for help; CSU Pueblo University Library Email Me. Editor: Paul Halsall. The two greatest of these were Gaius Marius and Lucius Cornelius Sulla. Mithridates was to give Asia and Paphlagonia back to Rome. By the end of the war, the SSA had conscripted over 2.8 million American men. [87], Sulla's ability to use military force against his own countrymen was "in many ways a continuation of the Social War a civil war between former allies and friends developed into a civil war between citizens what was eroded in the process was the fundamental distinction between Romans and foreign enemies". [88] Political violence in Rome continued even in Sulla's absence. [43] Refusing to stand for an aedileship (which, due to its involvement in hosting public games, was extremely expensive), Sulla became a candidate for the praetorship in 99BC. Research Process and Acumen: Experience with primary sources can support future academic success. [92] In the summer of 88, he reorganised the administration of the area before unsuccessfully besieging Rhodes. For example: scholarly or popular books and articles, reference books, biographies, or textbooks. [28][29], Under Marius, the Roman forces followed a very similar plan as under Metellus, capturing and garrisoning fortified positions in the African countryside. [136] Sulla's reforms both looked to the past (often repassing former laws) and regulated for the future, particularly in his redefinition of maiestas (treason) laws and in his reform of the Senate. Capturing the city, Sulla had it destroyed. After another attempt to relieve Praeneste failed, Carbo lost his nerve and attempted to retreat to Africa; his lieutenants attempted again to relieve Praeneste but after that again failed, marched on Rome to force Sulla from his well-defended positions. [127] Sulla himself was defeated and forced to flee into his camp, but his lieutenant Crassus on the right wing won the battle in the night. Primary and Secondary Sources: How Should They Be Used? Ideally, each ensemble is diverse, both in cultural background and practical experience. Finally, Sulla revoked the power of the tribunes to veto acts of the Senate, although he left intact the tribunes' power to protect individual Roman citizens. After massacring a number of Italian traders who supported one of his rivals, indignation erupted as to Jugurtha's use of bribery to secure a favourable peace treaty; called to Rome to testify on bribery charges, he successfully plotted the assassination of one another royal claimant before returning home. The assembly of the people subsequently ratified the decision, with no limit set on his time in office. Plutarch of Chaeronea in Boeotia (ca. This unusual appointment (used hitherto only in times of extreme danger to the city, such as during the Second Punic War, and then only for 6-month periods) represented an exception to Rome's policy of not giving total power to a single individual. This prophecy was to have a powerful hold on Sulla throughout his lifetime. Primary Sources Sallust. [citation needed], The second law concerned the sponsio, which was the sum in dispute in cases of debt, and usually had to be lodged with the praetor before the case was heard. Newspapers. This may have been related to Sulla's campaign for the consulship. Primary Source 10. Primary sources are first-hand accounts of events. Primary Sources - Research Guides at New York University From 133BC and the start of Tiberius Gracchus' land reforms, Italian communities were displaced from de jure Roman public lands over which no title had been enforced for generations. The first of the leges Corneliae concerned the interest rates, and stipulated that all debtors were to pay simple interest only, rather than the common compound interest that so easily bankrupted the debtors. Of the twelve outlaws, only Sulpicius was killed after being betrayed by a slave. Plutarch - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy [104] When the Pontic cavalry attacked to interrupt the earthworks, the Romans almost broke; Sulla personally rallied his men on foot and stabilised the area. "[157] This duality, or inconsistency, made him very unpredictable and "at the slightest pretext, he might have a man crucified, but, on another occasion, would make light of the most appalling crimes; or he might happily forgive the most unpardonable offenses, and then punish trivial, insignificant misdemeanors with death and confiscation of property. Published by at 29, 2022. Some set their hearts on houses, some on landsThe whole period was one of debauched tastes and lawlessness. Learning in Black and White. Plutarch states in his Life of Sulla that "Sulla now began to make blood flow, and he filled the city with deaths without number or limit," further alleging that many of the murdered victims had nothing to do with Sulla, though Sulla killed them to "please his adherents.". Finding Primary Sources for Teachers and Students [57], The same year, Bocchus paid for the erection of a statue depicting Sulla's capture of Jugurtha. Books. Demanding transfer to Catulus' (Marius' consular colleague) army, he received it. In 109, Rome sent Quintus Caecilius Metellus to continue the war. There, while giving a speech, he had three or four thousand Samnite prisoners butchered, to the shock of the attending senators. They are different from secondary sources, accounts that retell, analyze, or interpret events, usually at a distance of time or place." Library of Congress Teacher's Page. [114], The general feeling in Italy, however, was decidedly anti-Sullan; many people feared Sulla's wrath and still held memories of his extremely unpopular occupation of Rome during his consulship. Sulla was closely associated with Venus,[9] adopting the title Epaphroditos meaning favored of Aphrodite/Venus.[10]. Cicero comments that Pompey once said, "If Sulla could, why can't I? . The tools are designed to support 3 levels of critical thinking and inquiry skills (explore, analyse and critically analyse) for years 1 to 13. [18] Lacking ready money, Sulla spent his youth among Romes comedians, actors, lute players, and dancers. [61] But after Cato's death in battle with the Marsi,[62] Sulla was prorogued pro consule and placed in supreme command of the southern theatre. Having exhausted available provisions near Athens, doing so was both necessary to ensure the survival of his army and also to relieve a brigade of six thousand men cut off in Thessaly. 213/23 P.Cornelius Sulla is chosen to be Flamen Dialis. The Pros and Cons of Teaching with Primary Sources - ProQuest Lucius Cornelius Sulla | UNRV Roman History Making of America - University of Michigan Primary sources are most often produced around the time of the events you are studying. As Sulla viewed the office, the tribunate was especially dangerous, and his intention was to not only deprive the Tribunate of power, but also of prestige (Sulla himself had been officially deprived of his eastern command through the underhanded activities of a tribune). to the Birth of the Roman Empire (1969). [122] Marius, buttressed by Samnite support, fought a long and hard battle with Sulla at Sacriportus that resulted in defeat when five of his cohorts defected. This "firsthand" understanding of human motivations and the ordinary Roman citizen may explain why he was able to succeed as a general despite lacking any significant military experience before his 30s.[25]. . From this distance, Sulla remained out of the day-to-day political activities in Rome, intervening only a few times when his policies were involved (e.g.
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